Compaction nuclear density construction standard using a minimum 4000 lb sheepsfoot compactor to penetrate full. If the soil is cohesive in nature, the indot family of curves may be used. During compaction, the mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and stable foundation or base. Currently, the proctor test is used primarily by civil engineers to. Soil compaction in urban areas is often caused by the use of heavy equipment during construction and constant traffic foot or equipment in existing landscapes. Proctor standard pdf modified proctor compaction test. Microscopic observation on compacted sandy soil using. Test methods attachment i lists the test methods that will be used to test soils, granular soil, and aggregates. Compaction definitions soil compaction decrease in soil volume and porosity, or increase in soil bulk density, due to mechanical stress on soil, for example, from traffic of agricultural machinery. Soil compaction 2017 76 proficiency testing program report. Compaction of soil test methods of soil compaction and. The forms can accommodate two different formats, metric and english. Soil compaction occurs when the soil structure is compressed, thereby reducing the number and size of the pore spaces between particles figure 1.
Methods of testing compaction of soil standard proctors test for compaction of soil. Specifications for field compaction in most specifications for earthwork, the contractor is instructed to achieve a compacted field dry unit weight of 90 to 98% of the maximum dry unit weight determined in the laboratory by either the standard or modified proctor test. Mix all collected soil thoroughly, removing any roots or other visible plant materials and place 2. The line of optimum moisture contents is usually around 85% saturation and the optimum moisture content decreases with increasing compactive effort. Soil scientists measure compaction with a device called a soil penetrometer. Compaction of soil purpose and effects of soil compaction. Proctor compaction test summary for each sample, measure the weight and the water content of the soil in the mold the mold volume and weight are. On july 16, 2002 a soil compaction test was performed on each site. Soil health is a keystone for fi eld management, building a soil that will provide the optimal productivity for a crop, and a soil that can recover from disturbance and stress. Compaction of fine grained soils using the proctor. Tests and inspections shall include, but not be limited to. The test provides a relationship between the water content and the dry density. Scope of services compaction testing, soils investigations. These documents were based on existing compaction testing methods gathered in the literature.
Standard proctor test, the soil is compacted by a 5. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of compaction. What to do about compacted soil college of agriculture. Proctor test components are shown 25 blows were exerted per lift, which equals 25 x 15 375 ftlbs. The inplace dry density is expressed as a percentage of soils maximum dry. Soil compaction compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio.
Th ough soil compaction was the driver of our project, soil quality and health are more than just compaction. All participants nominated the test methods used as as 1289. Next, cut a core or divot 6 inches deep into the soil and place soil in a clean plastic container. Compaction of soil is an important process, as it helps it of achieve certain physical properties necessary for its proper behaviour under loading. Add water to it to bring the water content to about 4% if the soil is sandy and to about 8% if the soil is clayey. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids.
Section 02220 trenching, backfilling and compaction of utilities page 022205 city of lynchburg, va manual of specifications and standard details december 2016 astm d 2922 test methods for density of soil and soilaggregate in place by nuclear methods shallow depth. Refer to contract documents for contractor qc testing requirements. Tires, traction and compaction jodi dejonghughes, university of minnesota extension 1. All participants reported that they used the a sized mould and hand compacted. Drop aashto t 191 density of soil inplace by the sandcone method. Pdf soil compaction was estimated on 17 construction sites and bulk densities were measured from the soil surface to depths of 1. Plants do not grow as well as they should, developing inadequate root systems.
Table 81 testing locations, soil types and compaction devices. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of. Proctor compaction test summary then, compact each sample into a steel mold with standard procedures proctor compaction test summary then, strike off excess soil so the mold has a known volume of soil. The aim of the dynamic penetration tests performed. When we set out to alleviate compaction, we measured. Compaction test of soil is carried out using proctors test to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content. Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores, less total pore volume and consequently a greater density.
Two measurements were taken at each site, the first one at the 3 depth and the second at the 6 depth. This article demonstrates how compaction tests are performed in the laboratory to generate compaction curves for a specific soil type. And, like all other soil improvement techniques, compaction grouting. Soils field testing dig a hole with the auger, trowel, or other tools test hole must be approx. T 224 correction for coarse particles in the soil compaction test. The total input energy for the five lifts is 5 x 375 1875 ftlbs on a soil sample with a volume of th cubic foot. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them figure 1. A study of the static compaction of soils with varying clay contents revealed that static compaction is more efficient than dynamic compaction for clayey soils zhemchuzhnikov and dal toe. Soils field testing north dakota department of transportation. Keep the soil in an airtight container for about 18 to 20 hours for maturing. Soil compaction 2016 69 proficiency testing program report.
This is specification for relative compaction, which can be expressed as. The optimum water content owc is the amount of water required to produce a maximum dry density mdd from the test procedure. Soil, water and forage testing laboratory department of soil. This section includes a sample of each of the odot forms used for submitting samples and reporting test results. Compaction tests results vary with the input compactive effort, usually measured in foot pounds per cubic foot of soil. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process. Soil compaction can be detected by visual assessment, by using a cone penetromenterhand probe and by measuring soil physical properties related to soil compactness the extent of soil compaction.
The moisture content is of funda mental importance in soil compaction. Pdf static compaction of soils with varying clay content. Repeat this step 8 to 10 times in the lawn or garden which is being considered for testing. After the technician has conducted a field test to determine the actual field density of an embankment layer, a representative sample of soil, approximately 7 pounds, is removed from the area around the test site. To assess the amount of compaction of soil and water content required in the field, compaction tests are done on the same soil in the laboratory. Moisture density curves for the compaction of granular soils. Manual of soil laboratory testing 314 every different degree of compaction on a particular soil results in a different compaction curve, each with unique values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Similar to other grouting technologies, compaction grouting is a technology based on sound engineering principles, not a black magic that can only be understood by a chosen few.
Optimizing the value of soil compaction testing quality assurance. What to do about compacted soil gretchen voyle and hal hudson, michigan state university extension gardeners are sometimes unaware of the problems soil compaction can cause in lawns, flower beds and gardens. There are few soil areas we see without some degree of soil compaction. The easiest way for a homeowner to test for soil compaction is to plunge a soil probe or hollow metal pipe into the soil. Each of the following has been found to be a satisfactory base on which to rest the mold during compaction of the soil. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Compaction testing of granular material open prairie sdsu.
Im 216 guidelines for determining the acceptability of test results. The moisture content dry density relationship of the soil obtained from proctors test forms the basis for specification and field compaction control. The densifi cation and distortion of soil by which total and airfilled porosity are reduced, causing deterioration or loss of one or more so il functions van. Proctor compaction test in the laboratory compaction test, a soil at a known water content is placed in a specified manner in a mould of given dimensions and subjected to a compactive effort of controlled magnitude after which the resulting unit weight of the soil is determined. Soil compaction proficiency testing program 201669. Compacted soil columns for foundations on collapsible soils. Subgrade soils prior to the application of topsoil see permanent seeding and stabilization notes for topsoil requirements shall be free of excessive compaction to a depth of 6. If the soil is plastic in your hand, leaves small traces of moisture on your fingers and stays in one piece when dropped, it has too much moisture for compaction. Soil moisturedensity relationship standard and modified proctor tests. Standard test method for the one dimensional consolidation testing of soils 33. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structural failure. Surface compaction compaction that occurs in the surface plow layer.
Tires, traction and compaction certified crop adviser. The procedure is repeated at various water contents until a. Compaction of soil is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio and increase soil density. Every place where humans and machines exist, and the infrastructures which support them are built, soil compaction is present. A curve is drawn between the water content and the dry density to obtain the maximum dry density and the optimum water content. Pdf compaction of soils is a major construction activity in civil engineering. Compaction testing, soils investigations, drilling and well construction schedule a 1 the contractor shall provide qualified personnel to test and inspect the quality and placement of fill materials on the projects specified by the engineer within eighteen 18 hours of notice.
Correction for coarse particles in the soil compaction test. At the top of the form is an area that allows the user to switch between the different units. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modi. Proctor soil compaction test procedures, tools and results. Soil compaction is the most prevalent of all soil constraints on shade and street tree growth. For instance, a compaction test similar to the bs light test but using, say, 50 blows per layer. Aashto t 99 moisturedensity relations of soils using a 2. Guidance for soil construction standards and testing. Compaction can be diagnosed by visually assessing a soil profile. Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.
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